\(\newcommand{\line}{\text{line}}
\newcommand{\hump}{\text{hump}}
\newcommand{\sigmoid}{\text{sigmoid}}
\newcommand{\recip}{\text{recip}}
\newcommand{\diff}[1]{{\cal D}_#1}
\newcommand{\pnorm}{\text{pnorm}}
\newcommand{\dnorm}{\text{dnorm}}
\let\origvec\vec
\let\origmathit\mathit
\let\orighat\hat
\let\origbar\bar
\newcommand{\vec}[1]{\overset{{\rule[-1pt]{0mm}{1mm}}\rightharpoonup}{\mathbf{#1}}}
\newcommand{\bar}[1]{\overset{{\rule[-1pt]{12pt}{.5mm}}}{\mathbf{#1}}}
\newcommand{\mathit}[1]{\underset{\leftharpoondown}{\overset{{\rightharpoonup}}{\large\mathbf #1}}}
\newcommand{\hat}[1]{\widehat{\ \mathbf#1\ }}
\newcommand{\len}[1]{{\|{\mathbf #1}\|}}
\newcommand{\tvec}[1]{\overset{\uparrow}{\mathbf #1}}
\newcommand{\tmat}[1]{\overset{\leftrightarrows}{\mathbf #1}}
\newcommand{\perpendicularto}[2]{#1\!\perp\!#2}
\newcommand{\modeledby}[2]{#1\!\sim\!#2}
\newcommand{\CC}[1]{\color{#648fff}{#1}}
\newcommand{\CE}[1]{\color{#785ef0}{#1}}
\newcommand{\CA}[1]{\color{#dc267f}{#1}}
\newcommand{\CB}[1]{\color{#fe6100}{#1}}
\newcommand{\CD}[1]{\color{#ffb000}{#1}}\)